Snarky comments and rude behavior
Development of a measure of student incivility in business schools and its impact on faculty
Keywords:
student incivility, faculty self-efficacy, faculty burnout, faculty mental health, Prevalence of Student Incivility QuestionnaireAbstract
Student incivility encompasses behaviors that are disruptive to the instructor or students, deflate an instructor’s motivation, or harm the learning environment. A framework and measure to detect the occurrence of student incivility in business schools are developed and validated. The Prevalence of Student Incivility Questionnaire (PSIQ) is used to test the effect of the occurrence of student incivility on faculty job satisfaction, burnout, and mental health. Analysis demonstrates these direct effects are mediated by faculty self-efficacy. Overall, results indicate that some types of uncivil student behaviors are more common than others and have varying emotional impacts on faculty.
Downloads
References
Abro, Z. & Salam, M. (2014). Motivation, work stress and job performance: an analytical study of faculty in higher education institutions of Sindh. Journal of Independent Studies and Research-Management, Social Sciences, and Economics, 12(2), 17-28.
Alberts, H. C., Hazen, H. D., & Theobald, R. B. (2010). Classroom incivilities: the challenge of interactions between college students and instructors in the U. S. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 34(3), 439-462.
Andersson, L. M. & Pearson, C.M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 24, 452-471.
Arceo-Gomez, E. O., & Campos-Vazquez, R. M. (2019). Gender stereotypes: The case of MisProfesores.com in Mexico. Economics of Education Review, 72, 55-65.
Baker, S. D., Comer, D.R., & Martinak, M. L. (2008). All I’m askin’ is for a little respect: How can we promote civility in our classrooms? Organization Management Journal, 5, 65-80.
Balkin, D. B., Treviño, L. J., & Straub, C. (2022). The effect of gender Inequities in the classroom and beyond in US business schools. Journal of Management Education, 46(3), 582-606.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215.
Bantha, T., Sahni, S. P., & Yadav, M. (2020). Identification of enablers for reducing student incivility in classrooms - an exploratory investigation. International Journal of Higher Education, 9(2), 193-199.
Barari, R., & Barari, E. (2015). Mediating role of teachers self-efficacy in the relationship between primary teachers emotional intelligence and job burnout in Babol City. International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics, 2(1), 46-63.
Barney, C. E. (2019). The absence of teaching how to teach during the business management PhD programme: A call to action. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 56(1), 121-124.
Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. (2000). Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 349.
Billsberry, J. (2014). The rise and rise of management edutainment. Journal of Management Education, 38(2), 151-159.
Blau, G. & Andersson, L. (2005). Testing a measure of instigated workplace incivility. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 595-614.
Boice, B. (1996). Classroom incivilities. Research in Higher Education, 37(4), 453-486.
Boring, A. (2017). Gender biases in student evaluations of teaching. Journal of Public Economics, 145, 27-41.
Boswell, S. S. (2016). Ratemyprofessors is hogwash (but I care): Effects of Ratemyprofessors and university-administered teaching evaluations on professors. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 155-162.
Bozeman, B., & Gaughan, M. (2011). Job satisfaction among university faculty: individual, work and institutional determinants. The Journal of Higher Education, 82(2), 154-186.
Brayfield, A. H., & Rothe, H. F. (1951). An index of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35(5), 307.
Bunch, K. J. (2020). The state of undergraduate business education: a perfect storm or climate change? Academy of Management Learning and Education, 19(1), 81-89.
Burke, L.A., Karl, K., Peluchette, J., & Evans, W. R. (2014). Student incivility: a domain review. Journal of Management Education, 38(2), 160-191.
Campbell, L. O., Tinstman Jones, J., & Lambie, G. W. (2020). Online academic incivility among adult learners. Adult Learning, 31(3), 109-119.
Caza, B. B. & Cortina, L. M. (2007). From insult to injury: explaining the impact of incivility. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29, 335-350.
Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504.
Chory, R. M. & Offstein, E. H. (2017). Your professor will know you as a person: evaluating and rethinking the relational boundaries between faculty and students. Journal of Management Education, 41(1), 9-38.
Chowning, K., & Campbell, N. J. (2009). Development and validation of a measure of academic entitlement: Individual differences in students’ externalized responsibility and entitled expectations. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(4), 982.
Churchill, G. A., (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 64-73.
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 281.
Daly, C. J., & Dee, J. R. (2006). Greener pastures: Faculty turnover intent in urban public universities. The Journal of Higher Education, 77(5), 776-803.
DeSouza, E. R. (2011). Frequency rates and correlates of contrapower harassment in higher education. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(1), 158-188.
Estes, B., & Wang, J. (2008). Workplace incivility: impacts on individual and organizational performance. Human Resource Development Review, 7, 218-240.
Fisher, A. N., Stinson, D. A., & Kalajdzic, A. (2019). Unpacking backlash: Individual and contextual moderators of bias against female professors. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 41(5), 305-325.
Frisby, B. N., Goodboy, A. K., & Buckner, M. M. (2015). Students’ instructional dissent and relationships with faculty members’ burnout, commitment, satisfaction, and efficacy. Communication Education, 64(1), 65-82.
Gaillard, F. D., Mitchell, S. P., & Kavota, V. (2006). Students, faculty, and administrators perception of students evaluations of faculty in higher education business schools. Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC), 3(8).
Ghosh, R., Jacobs, J. L., & Reio, T. G. (2011). The toxic continuum from incivility to violence: what can HRD do? Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13(1), 3-9.
Gonzalez, E. R., Otalvaro, A. R., Argel, M. M., & Urzola, A. U. (2021). Professional burnout and increased workload during covid-19 in higher education teachers in Monteria Colombia. European Psychiatry, 64(S1), S267-S268.
Gunzler, D., Chen, T., Wu, P., Zhang, H. (2013). Introduction to mediation analysis with structural equation modeling. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry, 25, 390.
Haddad, S. I. & Taleb, R. A. (2015). The impact of self-efficacy on performance (An empirical study on business faculty members in Jordanian universities). Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 877-887.
Iacobucci, D. (2010). Structural equations modeling: Fit indices, sample size, and advanced topics. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20(1), 90–98.
Jiang, L., Tripp, T. M., & Hong, P. Y. (2017). College instruction is not so stress free after all: a qualitative and quantitative study of academic entitlement, uncivil behaviors, and instructor strain and burnout. Stress and Health, 33, 578-589.
Johnson, Z. D., Claus, C. J., Goldman, Z. W., & Sollitto, M. (2017). College student misbehaviors: an exploration of instructor perceptions. Communication Education, 66(1), 54-69.
Johnson, Z. D., Goldman, Z. W., & Claus, C. J. (2019). Why do students misbehave? An initial examination of antecedents to student misbehavior. Communication Quarterly, 67(1), 1-20.
Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational Psychological Measurement, 20, 141-151.
Kane, K., & Montgomery, K. (1998). A framework for understanding dysempowerment in organizations. Human Resource Management, 37(3‐4), 263-275.
Knepp, K. A. F. (2012). Understanding student and faculty incivility in higher education. Journal of Effective Teaching, 12(1), 33-46.
Kogan, L. R., Schoenfeld-Tacher, R., & Hellyer, P. W. (2010). Student evaluations of teaching: Perceptions of faculty based on gender, position, and rank. Teaching in Higher Education, 15(6), 623-636.
Kreitzer, R. J., & Sweet-Cushman, J. (2021). Evaluating student evaluations of teaching: A review of measurement and equity bias in SETs and recommendations for ethical reform. Journal of Academic Ethics, 1-12.
Lackritz, J. R. (2004). Exploring burnout among university faculty: incidence, performance, and demographic issues. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20, 713-729.
Lampman, C., Phelps, A., Bancroft, S., & Beneke, M. (2009). Contrapower harassment in academia: a survey of faculty experience with student incivility, bullying, and sexual attention. Sex Roles, 60(5-6), 331-346.
Langbein, L. (2008). Management by results: student evaluation of faculty teaching and the mis-measurement of performance. Economics of Education Review, 27, 417-428.
Lilly, J. D., Wipawayangkool, K., & Pass, M. (2022). Teaching Evaluations and Student Grades: That’s Not Fair!. Journal of Management Education, 10525629221084338.
Lim, S. & Cortina, L. M. (2005). Interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace: the interface and impact of general incivility and sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 483-496.
Lim, S., Cortina, L. M., & Magley, V. (2008). Personal and workgroup incivility: impact on work and health outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 95-107.
Lim, V. K. & Teo, T. S. (2009). Mind your E-manners: Impact of cyber incivility on employees’ work attitude and behavior. Information & Management, 46, 419-425.
Liu, J., Hu, J., & Furutan, O. (2013). The influence of student perceived professors’ “hotness” on expertise, motivation, learning outcomes, and course satisfaction. Journal of Education for Business, 88(2), 94-100.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397-422.
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., Leiter, M. P., Schaufeli, W. B., & Schwab, R. L. (1986). Maslach burnout inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press: Palo Alto, CA.
May, A., & Tenzek, K. E. (2018). Bullying in the academy: understanding the student bully and the targeted ‘stupid, fat, mother fucker’ professor. Teaching in Higher Education, 23(3), 275-290.
McNaughton-Cassill, M. E. (2013). Is it incivility or mental illness? Understanding and coping with disruptive student behavior in the college classroom. The Journal of Effective Teaching, 13(2), 94-108.
Meier, L. L., & Gross, S. (2015). Episodes of incivility between subordinates and supervisors: examining the role of self‐control and time with an interaction‐record diary study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(8), 1096-1113.
Mental health. PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization. (n.d.). https://www.paho.org/en/topics/mental-health#:~:text=The%20World%20Health%20Organization%20(WHO,to%20his%20or%20her%20community%E2%80%9D.
Miner, K. N., Settles, I. H., Pratt-Hyatt, J. S., & Brady, C. C. (2012). Experiencing incivility in organizations: the buffering effects of emotional and organizational support. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(2), 340-372.
Miner, K. N., Smittick, A. L., He, Y., & Costa, P. L. (2019). Organizations behaving badly: antecedents and consequences of uncivil workplace environments. Journal of Psychology, 153(5), 528-554.
Mustak, M., Jaakkola, E., Halinen, A., & Kaartemo, V. (2016). Customer participation management: Developing a comprehensive framework and a research agenda. Journal of Service Management.
Nicholson, T., & Griffin, B. (2015). Here today but not gone tomorrow: Incivility affects after work and next-day recovery. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20(2), 218.
Ozturk, M. B., & Rumens, N. (2014). Gay male academics in UK business and management schools: Negotiating heteronormativities in everyday work life. British Journal of Management, 25(3), 503-517.
Pearson, C. M., Andersson, L. M., & Porath, C. L. (2000). Assessing and attacking workplace incivility. Organizational Dynamics, 29(2), 123-137.
Pearson, C. M., Andersson, L. M., & Wegner, J. W. (2001). When workers flout convention: a study of workplace incivility. Human Relations, 54, 1387-1419.
Pearson, C. M. & Porath, C. L. (2005). On the nature, consequences and remedies of workplace incivility: no time for “nice”? Think again. Academy of Management Executive, 19(1), 7-18.
Pietarinen, J., Pyhältö, K., Soini, T., Salmela-Aro, K. (2013). Validity and reliability of the socio-contextual teacher burnout inventory (STBI). Psychology.
Porath, C. L., & Erez, A. (2009). Overlooked but not untouched: How rudeness reduces onlookers’ performance on routine and creative tasks. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109(1), 29-44.
Porath, C., & Pearson, C. (2013). The price of incivility. Harvard Business Review, 91(1-2), 114- 121.
Pressley, T. (2021). Factors contributing to teacher burnout during COVID-19. Educational Researcher, 50(5), 325-327.
Rehling, D. L., & Bjorklund, W. L. (2010). A comparison of faculty and student perceptions of incivility in the classroom. Journal of Excellence in College Teaching, 21(3), 73-93.
Reich, B. J., Beck, J. T., & Price, J. (2018). Food as ideology: measurement and validation of locavorism. Journal of Consumer Research, 45, 849-868. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucy027
Reich, T. C., & Hershcovis, M. S. (2015). Observing workplace incivility. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(1), 203.
Rogers, P. R., Morgan, S. D., & Cort, K. (2018). No one told me about the dark side: Pitfalls for faculty teaching online. Global Journal of Business Pedagogy, 2(1), 112-120.
Sabagh, Z., Hall, N. C., & Saroyan, A. (2018). Antecedents, correlates and consequences of faculty burnout. Educational Research, 60(2), 131-156.
Sabharwal, M., & Corley, E. A. (2009). Faculty job satisfaction across gender and discipline. The Social Science Journal, 46, 539-566.
Schilpzand, P., De Pater, I. E., & Erez, A. (2016). Workplace incivility: a review of the literature and agenda for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37, S57- S88.
Schwarzer, R., & Hallum, S. (2008). Perceived teacher self-efficacy as a predictor of job stress and burnout: mediation analysis. Applied Psychology, 57, 152-171.
Segrist, D., Bartels, L. K., & Nordstrom, C. R. (2018). “But everyone else is doing it:” a social norms perspective on classroom incivility. College Teaching, 66(4), 181-186.
Sidle, S. D. (2009). Workplace incivility: how should employees and managers respond? Academy of Management Perspectives, 23(4), 88-89.
Simpson, P. M., & Siguaw, J. A. (2000). Student evaluations of teaching: An exploratory study of the faculty response. Journal of Marketing Education, 22(3), 199-213.
Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2017). Motivated for teaching? Associations with school goal structure, teacher self-efficacy, job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion. Teaching and Teacher Education, 67, 152-160.
Sliter, M., Jex, S., Wolford, K., & McInnerney, J. (2010). How rude! Emotional labor as a mediator between customer incivility and employee outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(4), 468.
Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson: Boston: MA.
Titus, J. J. (2008). Student ratings in a consumerist academy: Leveraging pedagogical control and authority. Sociological Perspectives, 51(2), 397-422.
Torkelson, E., Holm, K., Bäckström, M., & Schad, E. (2016). Factors contributing to the perpetration of workplace incivility: the importance of organizational aspects and experiencing incivility from others. Work & Stress, 30(2), 115-131.
Turnipseed, D. L., & Landay, K. (2018). The role of the dark triad in perceptions of academic incivility. Personality and Individual Differences, 135, 286-291.
Walker, D. D., Van Jaarsveld, D. D., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2014). Exploring the effects of individual customer incivility encounters on employee incivility: The moderating roles of entity (in) civility and negative affectivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(1), 151.
Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory. Research in organizational behavior, 18(1), 1-74.
Weiss, D. J., Dawis, R. V, England, G. W., & Lofquist, L. H. (1977). Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire (short form). Vocational Psychology Research, Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, University of Minnesota.
Wildermuth, S., & Davis, C. B. (2012). Flaming the faculty: Exploring root causes, consequences, and potential remedies to the problem of instructor-focused uncivil online student discourse in higher education. In Misbehavior online in higher education. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Wilson, N. L., & Holmvall, C. M. (2013). The development and validation of the Incivility from Customers Scale. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(3), 310.
Wrench, J. S., Peck Richmond, V., & Gorham, J. (2009). Communication, affect, & learning in the classroom.
Van Jaarsveld, D. D., Walker, D. D., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2010). The role of job demands and emotional exhaustion in the relationship between customer and employee incivility. Journal of Management, 36(6), 1486-1504.
Viet, C. T., & Ware, J. E. (1983). The structure of psychological distress and well-being in general populations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 730.
Yassour-Barochowitz, D., & Desivillia, H. (2016). Incivility between students and faculty in an Israeli college. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 28(3), 414-426.
Yu, X., Wang, P., Zhai, X., Dai, H., & Yang, Q. (2015). The effect of work stress on job burnout among teachers: The mediating role of self-efficacy. Social Indicators Research, 122(3), 701-708.
